nche222 intermediate

NCHE222: Organic chemistry

Free study notes for NCHE222 (NCHE 222) — Organic chemistry, one topic at a time, each with worked examples and a practice quiz.

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Course Syllabus

  1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Reaction Concepts
  2. Models in Science and Organic Chemistry
  3. Simple Bonding Models
  4. Atomic Orbital (AO) Model
  5. Valence Bond (VB) Model and Hybridization
  6. Molecular Orbital (MO) Model
  7. Conjugation and Advanced MO Concepts

Study Notes

Conjugation and Advanced MO Concepts

Free model

When you have alternating single and multiple bonds (like double or triple bonds) or an adjacent atom with a lone pair or an empty p-orbital, you likely have conjugation. The key is that these p-orbitals must be parallel and adjacent for effective overlap.

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Simple Bonding Models

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When we talk about simple bonding, we're mainly looking at how valence electrons (the electrons in the outermost shell) interact. These are the electrons involved in forming chemical bonds.

A Lewis structure is a simple diagram that shows how atoms in a molecule are connected and where their valence electrons are located.

Here's how to draw them:

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Valence Bond (VB) Model and Hybridization

Free model

However, the simple overlap of pure atomic orbitals (like s and p orbitals) doesn't always explain the observed geometries of molecules. For example, carbon has a 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals. If it just used these, we'd expect methane (CH4) to have 90-degree bond angles and different bond strengths, which isn't what we see. This is where hybridization comes in.

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NCHE222: common questions

What does NCHE222 cover?

This NCHE222 study guide covers 7 topics: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Reaction Concepts, Models in Science and Organic Chemistry, Simple Bonding Models, Atomic Orbital (AO) Model, Valence Bond (VB) Model and Hybridization, Molecular Orbital (MO) Model, Conjugation and Advanced MO Concepts.

Are these NCHE222 notes free?

Yes. Every NCHE222 note on this page is free to read without an account. A free account adds practice quizzes, flashcards and a revision plan.

How do I revise for my NCHE222 exam?

Read the NCHE222 note for each topic, then take its practice quiz: the questions you get wrong come back as flashcards until you know them. Save the course to get a revision plan built around your exam date.