World Englishes — 5-topic bundle

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• Inner Circle: Countries where English is the primary native language (e.g., USA, UK, Australia).
• Outer Circle: Countries where English has a significant institutional role, often as a second language for education, government, and business, due to colonial history (e.g., India, Singapore, Nigeria).
• Expanding Circle: Countries where English is learned as a foreign language for international communication (e.g., China, Japan, Brazil).

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Key characteristics of varieties in the Expanding Circle include:

This note focuses on the Outer Circle. These varieties aren't just "broken" or "imperfect" versions of Inner Circle English; they are fully developed, systematic, and legitimate Englishes in their own right. They've undergone nativization, meaning they've adapted to their local contexts.

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