Applied Maths Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants + 5 more topics

You'll use matrices to represent systems of linear equations, transformations (like rotating an image), and to store data efficiently. A matrix is just an array of numbers, called elements, arranged in rows and columns. An m x n matrix has m rows and n columns.

Differentiation, or finding the derivative, tells us the instantaneous rate of change of a function. Think of it as finding the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a given point. If a function y = f(x) describes a quantity, then its derivative, written as dy/dx or f'(x), describes how y changes with respect to x.

Probability is all about chance. You're trying to figure out the likelihood of something happening. It's always a number between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain). You often express it as a percentage too.

The basic formula for probability of an event (let's call it A) is:

P(A) = (Number of favorable outcomes) / (Total number of possible outcomes)