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IGCSE Biology — 7-topic bundle

Comprehensive AI-generated study curriculum with 7 detailed note modules.

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Course Syllabus

  1. Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms
  2. Organization and Maintenance of the Organism
  3. Plant Nutrition, Transport, and Reproduction
  4. Animal Nutrition, Transport, and Respiration
  5. Coordination, Homeostasis, and Excretion
  6. Reproduction and Inheritance
  7. Ecology and Biotechnology

Study Notes

Plant Nutrition, Transport, and Reproduction

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in the presence of light and chlorophyll)

This process has two stages. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids, where chlorophyll captures light energy to split water molecules, releasing oxygen as a waste product. The energy gets stored in molecules called ATP and NADPH.

The light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) happen in the stroma. Here, CO₂ from the air gets "fixed" into glucose using the ATP and NADPH from stage one. This is why plants need both light and carbon dioxide.

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